A Review on Additives for Halide Perovskite Solar Cells

Additives are widely adopted for efficient, stable, and hysteresis‐free perovskite solar cells and play an important role in various breakthroughs of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein the various additives adopted for PSCs are reviewed and their functioning mechanism and influence on device performance is described. The main roles of additives, modulating morphology of perovskite films, stabilizing phase of formamidinium (FA) and cesium (Cs)‐based perovskites, adjusting energy level alignment in PSCs, suppressing nonradiative recombination in perovskites, eliminating hysteresis, enhancing operational stability of PSCs, are summarized.     

PPARγ与c/EBPα基因在苏太猪不同组织中的表达水平探究

为探究PPARγ与c/EBPα基因在苏太猪不同组织中的表达与脂肪沉积的关系,本实验以10月龄苏太猪为研究对象,运用实时荧光定量PCR (q RT-PCR)技术检测PPARγ与c/EBPα基因mRNA在苏太猪心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胃、背最长肌和皮下脂肪8个组织中的表达水平。结果表明,PPARγ与c/EBPα基因在苏太猪的8个组织中均有不同程度的表达,其中,PPARγ基因在苏太猪脾脏组织中的表达量最高,皮下脂肪中的表达水平仅次于脾;以背最长肌中PPARγ基因的相对表达量作对比,背最长肌与脾、肺和皮下脂肪的相对表达差异极显著(p<0.01),其余为差异不显著(p>0.05),表达量高低顺序为脾>皮下脂肪>肺>心>胃>肾>肝>背最长肌;c/EBPα基因在苏太猪的皮下脂肪的表达量最高,以背最长肌中c/EBPα基因的相对表达量作对比,在肝、脾、皮下脂肪组织中表达差异极显著(p<0.01),肺的相对表达差异显著(p<0.05),其余组织中差异不显著(p>0.05),表达量的高低顺序为皮下脂肪>肝>脾>肺>肾>心>胃>背最长肌。两基因在各组织中表达趋势趋于一致。试验结果表明PPARγ和c/EBPα基因可能对猪脂肪沉积有重要影响。     

京津冀地区新型城镇化对土地生态效率影响的实证分析

近年来, 城市化进程的不断推进对城市土地利用及生态环境产生了极大影响。选取城镇化发展最为迅速与典型的京津冀地区作为研究区域, 采用超效率DEA模型及Malmquist效率指数, 从经济学角度分析2006-2015年土地生态效率的时空演变, 随后, 基于人口、富裕和技术(STRIPAT)模型, 构建新型城镇化发展水平的综合指标评价体系, 分析新型城镇化对土地生态效率的影响。研究结果表明: 京津冀地区城镇化发展水平与土地生态效率之间存在显著的正相关关系, 即城镇化水平的不断提升对土地生态效率的提高具有积极作用, 各城市土地生态效率在新型城镇化发展背景下存在明显的空间差异, 此外, 土地利用与管理技术水平的提高、环境政策的改变等均会对土地生态效率的提升产生积极影响。这项研究旨在为提高城市土地管理水平, 推动城市可持续发展提供决策支持。     

Threshold responses of riverine fish communities to land use conversion across regions of the world

The growing human enterprise has sparked greater interest in identifying ecological thresholds in land use conversion beyond which populations or communities demonstrate abrupt nonlinear or substantive change in species composition. Such knowledge remains fundamental to understanding ecosystem resilience to environmental degradation and informing land use planning into the future. Confronting this challenge has been largely limited to inferring thresholds in univariate metrics of species richness and indices of biotic integrity and has largely ignored how land use legacies of the past may shape community responses of today. By leveraging data for 13,069 riverine sites from temperate, subtropical, and boreal climate zones on four continents, we characterize patterns of community change along diverse gradients of urbanization and agricultural land use, and identity threshold values beyond which significant alterations in species composition exists. Our results demonstrate the apparent universality by which freshwater fish communities are sensitive to even low levels of watershed urbanization (range of threshold values: 1%–12%), but consistently higher (and more variable) levels of agricultural development (2%–37%). We demonstrated that fish community compositional thresholds occurred, in general, at lower levels of watershed urbanization and agriculture when compared to threshold responses in species richness. This supports the notion that aggregated taxon‐specific responses may better reflect the complexity of assemblage responses to land use development. We further revealed that the ghost of land use past plays an important role in moderating how current‐day fish communities respond to land use intensification. Subbasins of the United States experiencing greater rates of past land use change demonstrated higher current‐day thresholds. Threshold responses of community composition, such as those identified in our study, illustrate the need for globally coordinated efforts to prioritize country‐specific management and policy initiatives that ensure that freshwater fish diversity is not inevitably lost in the future.     

Chromosome‐level genome assembly of an important pine defoliator,Dendrolimus punctatus (Lepidoptera; Lasiocampidae)

Dendrolimus spp. are important destructive pests of conifer forests, and Dendrolimus punctatus Walker (Lepidoptera; Lasiocampidae) is the most widely distributed Dendrolimus species. During periodic outbreaks, this species is said to make “fire without smoke” because large areas of pine forest can be quickly and heavily damaged. Yet, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie the unique ecological characteristics of this forest insect. Here, we combined Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) RSII single‐molecule long reads and high‐throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi‐C) genomics‐linked reads to produce a high‐quality, chromosome‐level reference genome for D. punctatus. The final assembly was 614 Mb with contig and scaffold N50 values of 1.39 and 22.15 Mb, respectively, and 96.96% of the contigs anchored onto 30 chromosomes. Based on the prediction, this genome contained 17,593 protein‐coding genes and 56.16% repetitive sequences. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that D. punctatus diverged from the common ancestor of Hyphantria cunea, Spodoptera litura and Thaumetopoea pityocampa ~ 108.91 million years ago. Many gene families that were expanded in the D. punctatus genome were significantly enriched for the xenobiotic biodegradation system, especially the cytochrome P450 gene family. This high‐quality, chromosome‐level reference genome will be a valuable resource for understanding mechanisms of D. punctatus outbreak and host resistance adaption. Because this is the first Lasiocampidae insect genome to be sequenced, it also will serve as a reference for further comparative genomics.     

三峡水库消落区不同生活史类型植物群落的空间分布格局

为探究三峡水库消落区不同生活史植物群落随海拔梯度及水库干流沿程的空间分布规律,于2017年8月至2017年9月对三峡水库干流消落区植被进行了调查。研究结果表明:(1)三峡水库消落区植被的植物物种丰富度随距大坝里程距离的缩短而呈现逐渐减小的趋势。(2)三峡水库消落区不同生活史类型植被群落盖度对水淹梯度胁迫的响应呈现相反的变化规律:随着消落区高程的升高,一年生植物对消落区植被覆盖度的贡献逐渐增加,而多年生植物对植被群落覆盖度的贡献逐渐降低。但是,在消落区的任一高程区域,多年生植物物种盖度均要大于一年生植物物种盖度。(3)采用TWINSPAN植被分类方法可对9个样地607个样方的三峡水库消落区植被划分为25个组,其中苍耳+狗牙根群落Ass.Xanthiumsibiricum+Cynodon dactylon(含213个样方)、狗牙根群落Ass.Cynodon dactylon(包含137个样方)、狗牙根+香附子群落Ass.Cynodon dactylon+Cyperus rotundus(含55个样方)、狗牙根+酸模叶蓼群落Ass.Cynodon dactylon+Polygonum lapathifolium(40个样方)、苍耳+藿香蓟群落Ass.Xanthiumsibiricum+Ageratum conyzoides(38个样方)等为消落区的优势植物群落,群落特征明显表现出对水位涨落及小生境差异的适应。     

不同地下水位灰化薹草分解过程中木质素降解与碳、氮、磷释放的关系

为研究湿地植物分解过程中木质素分解与碳、氮、磷元素释放之间的关系及其对不同地下水位环境梯度的响应,在鄱阳湖典型碟形湖泊-白沙湖设置了200 m×300 m分解试验样地,沿地下水位梯度划分4个试验样带(从湖岸到湖心依次为GT-A, GT-B, GT-C, GT-D),采用分解袋法模拟了典型湿地植物灰化薹草在不同地下水位环境的分解过程。结果表明,分解15 d后,地下水位的升高促进了木质素的分解和碳、氮、磷元素的释放;在分解第60—90天,碳、氮、磷元素的相对归还指数随着木质素分解速率的升高而显著增大,并且相关性程度随着分解时间先增强,后减弱;分解过程中土壤pH、含水量和微生物量碳、氮对木质素的分解和碳、氮、磷元素的归还具有显著的促进作用。研究结果将有助于深化对湿地植物分解和生物地球化学循环过程的认识,为湿地自然保护区的科学有效管理提供理论依据。